A March 2021 study lead by the University of Birmingham and University of Manchester said,
"Our results suggest that co-existing physiological abnormalities may contribute to long-term cardiovascular risk early on in [lupus].”
"We found a link between lower levels of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Further studies could confirm whether restoring vitamin D levels helps to reduce these cardiovascular risk factors and improve quality of life for patients with lupus."
"This is the largest-ever study examining associations between vitamin D levels and metabolic syndrome in [lupus]; it also has the advantage of being an international cohort with diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds - generating results that will be applicable across many settings,"